Leaf structure and why it matters


Leaves exchange gases via stomata


How stomata work…


Leaf gas exchange impacts the global atmopshere


Vascular tissues in leaves are confined to veins



  • Transpiration is a by‐product of opening stomatal pores

  • H2O transport needs to be sufficient to keep stomata open

  • Venation represents investment in H2O supply

Angiosperms have evolved higher vein densities


Are plants intelligent? Leaf economic theory


Photosynthesis is complicated….



What do plants do when they are hungry?


Photosynthesis is the basis for most life on Earth





  • Greek = “building with light”
  • Autotroph = “self nourishing”
  • Photoautotroph = “self nourishing with light”


  • Photosynthesis is an energy pathway
    • 2 linked reactions
    • light reaction + Calvin cycle

Chloroplasts: Where the magic happens


The nature of light



When light hits chlorophyll a few things can happen


When pigments absorb photons an election gets excited


Photosystems (2) convert light energy to chemical energy


Light reactions: make ATP + NADPH for Calvin cycle



Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma


Calvin cycle is a 3-step process



  • 1. Fixation: CO2 reacts with 5C molecule (RUBP)
    • new 6C split into 2 acids (3C each)
    • catalyzed by Rubisco enzyme


  • 2. Reduction: ATP and NADPH turn 3C acids into sugars
    • reduction of acids


  • 3. Regeneration: Some 3C sugars recycled to make RUBP (5C)
    • one 3C sugar leaves to make glucose
    • recycling also needs ATP

Making sugars requires several cycles